Los videojuegos, nuevas narrativas del siglo XXI.

85 p. Recuso Electr?nicoNuestro trabajo realiza una contextualizaci?n, acerca de los conceptos b?sicos del juego a trav?s de los planteamientos de Huizinga, que cimentaron la base para toda una serie de estudios referentes a los beneficios de la l?dica y el juego en el desarrollo cognitivo y emocional. De igual manera analizaremos el concepto de videojuego como tal y los beneficios descubiertos acerca de estos, haciendo una revisi?n de diferentes estudios dentro de los cuales encontramos los del Psic?logo Carlos Gonz?lez Tard?n, entre varios autores m?s. En el segundo cap?tulo, se desarrollar? un an?lisis narratol?gico a diferentes videojuegos, tomando como base los estudios realizados por Mart?nez y Scheffel en cuanto estudios narratol?gicos literarios y tambi?n las postulaciones de Gaudreault y Jost quienes desarrollaron todo un an?lisis narratol?gico al discurso cinematogr?fico. Posteriormente realizaremos en nuestro tercer cap?tulo una investigaci?n acerca del proceso creativo involucrado en la realizaci?n de argumentos y guiones dise?ados para los videojuegos,. Dentro de dicho proceso se analiz? la relaci?n de los fundamentos b?sicos de la producci?n narrativa, establecidos por Arist?teles, Vladimir Propp, Joseph Campbell y Lajos Egri, adem?s de su aplicaci?n en el campo de los videojuegos, de igual manera a trav?s de varios ejemplos se se plasma nuestra experiencia en la realizaci?n de los distintos formatos de guiones utilizados en la composici?n de nuestro propio videojuego. Finalizamos con algunas conclusiones referentes al tema, en la que a trav?s del resumen de los diferentes an?lisis y nuestra experiencia.Our work makes a contextualization about the basics of the game through approaches Huizinga, which cemented the basis for a series of studies on the benefits of fun and play in cognitive and emotional development. Similarly we discuss the concept of game as such and benefits discovered about these, by reviewing different studies within which are those of Psic?logo Tard?n Carlos Gonzalez, among several other authors. In the second chapter, different games narratological analysis, based on studies by Martinez and Scheffel as narratological literary studies and applications from Gaudreault and Jost who developed a whole narratological the cinematic discourse analysis will be developed. Then we will make our third chapter an investigation into the creative process involved in making arguments and scripts designed for video games ,. Within this process the relationship of the basic fundamentals of narrative production was analyzed, established by Aristotle, Vladimir Propp, Joseph Campbell and Lajos Egri, in addition to its application in the field of video games, equally through several examples our experience is reflected in the performance of various script formats used in the composition of our own game. We conclude with some conclusions concerning the topic, which through the summary of the different analyzes and our experience. Keywords: Narratolog?a, Video Games, Story, Education

Composici?n corporal y condici?n f?sica en los estudiantes de educaci?n b?sica secundaria y media de la Instituci?n Educativa San Antonio del municipio de Cunday Tolima

140 p. Recurso Electr?nicoIntroducci?n: La composici?n corporal y otros componentes de la condici?n f?sica han demostrado ser importantes indicadores de salud. Es por ello que se plantea el siguiente objetivo: Analizar los niveles de composici?n corporal y condici?n f?sica en los estudiantes de educaci?n b?sica secundaria y media de la instituci?n educativa San Antonio del municipio de Cunday-Tolima. Adem?s fueron utilizados los siguientes materiales y m?todos: participaron 323 estudiantes con una muestra de 165 (hombres: 82 y mujeres: 83), con un rango de edad de 11 a 18 a?os. Se aplicaron las pruebas f?sicas de la bater?a Alpha Fitness Test, versi?n extendida. Se evalu? ?ndice de masa corporal (IMC), Per?metro de Cintura y Porcentaje de Grasa. Dando como Resultados: Se encontraron diferencias de g?nero en las variables estudiadas, con mayor IMC y porcentaje graso en los ni?os y adolescentes (20,9 kg/m2 vs. 19,6kg/ m2 y 12,9 % vs 23 %, respectivamente); tambi?n, el per?metro de cintura fue mayor en los hombres (64,8 cm vs. 62,5 cm), ellos presentaron niveles m?s elevados de masa corporal, porcentaje de grasa y per?metro de cintura, con diferencias significativas (p<0.05). Adem?s alcanzaron niveles m?s elevados para la capacidad aer?bica, el salto con pies juntos y la velocidad, con diferencias estad?sticamente significativas en el VO2m?x y el salto (p<0.05). Se hallaron correlaciones medias y considerables entre algunas variables estudiadas. Lo que permiti? llegar a las siguientes conclusiones: El 73,3% (n1=121) de los estudiantes poseen peso normal, seguido por el 25,5% (n2=42) con riesgo de sobrepeso por ?ltimo, s?lo el 1,2% (n3=2) de los escolares tienen sobrepeso. Los hombres muestran mejores niveles de capacidad aer?bica, capacidad musculo-esquel?tica y capacidad motora. Palabras Claves: Composici?n Corporal, Capacidades F?sicas Condicionales, Instituci?n Educativa.Introduction: The body insertion and other components of the physical condition are important witnesses of health. That is why the following objective is posed: To analyze the levels of body composition and physical condition in the secondary and middle school students of the San Antonio educational institution in the municipality of Cunday-Tolima. In addition, the following materials and methods were used: 323 students participated with a sample of 165 (men: 82 and women: 83), with an age range of 11 to 18 years. The physical tests of the Alpha Fitness Test battery, extended version, were applied. Body mass index (BMI), waist circumference and percentage of fat were evaluated. Giving as Results: Gender differences were found in the variables studied, with higher BMI and fat percentage in children and adolescents (20.9 kg / m2 vs. 19.6 kg / m2 and 12.9% vs 23%, respectively); also, the waist circumference was higher in men (64.8 cm vs. 62.5 cm), they presented higher levels of body mass, fat percentage and waist circumference, with significant differences (p<0.05). They also reached higher levels for aerobic capacity, jumping with feet together and speed, with statistically significant differences in VO2max and jump (p<0.05). Mean and considerable correlations were found between some variables studied. What allowed to reach the following conclusions: 73.3% (n1 = 121) of the students possess but normal, followed by 25.5% (n2 = 42) with risk of overweight last, only 1.2% (n3 = 2) of Schoolchildren are overweight. Men show better levels of aerobic capacity, musculoskeletal capacity and motor ability. Keywords: Corporal Composition, Physical Conditional Capacities, Educational Institution

Vegetation species composition and canopy architecture information expressed in leaf water absorption measured in the 1000 nm and 2200 spectral region by an imaging spectrometer

Plant species composition and plant architectural attributes are critical parameters required for the measuring, monitoring, and modeling of terrestrial ecosystems. Remote sensing is commonly cited as an important tool for deriving vegetation properties at an appropriate scale for ecosystem studies, ranging from local to regional and even synoptic scales. Classical approaches rely on vegetation indices such as the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) to estimate biophysical parameters such as leaf area index or intercepted photosynthetically active radiation (IPAR). Another approach is to apply a variety of classification schemes to map vegetation and thus extrapolate fine-scale information about specific sites to larger areas of similar composition. Imaging spectrometry provides additional information that is not obtainable through broad-band sensors and that may provide improved inputs both to direct biophysical estimates as well as classification schemes. Some of this capability has been demonstrated through improved discrimination of vegetation, estimates of canopy biochemistry, and liquid water estimates from vegetation. We investigate further the potential of leaf water absorption estimated from Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) data as a means for discriminating vegetation types and deriving canopy architectural information. We expand our analysis to incorporate liquid water estimates from two spectral regions, the 1000-nm region and the 2200-nm region. The study was conducted in the vicinity of Jasper Ridge, California, which is located on the San Francisco peninsula to the west of the Stanford University campus. AVIRIS data were acquired over Jasper Ridge, CA, on June 2, 1992, at 19:31 UTC. Spectra from three sites in this image were analyzed. These data are from an area of healthy grass, oak woodland, and redwood forest, respectively. For these analyses, the AVIRIS-measured upwelling radiance spectra for the entire Jasper Ridge scene were transformed to apparent surface reflectance using a radiative transfer code-based inversion algorithm

Unidad did?ctica sobre la ense?anza de la cultura prehisp?nica desarrollada desde el laboratorio de arqueolog?a del museo antropol?gico de la Universidad del Tolima.

59 P?ginasRecurso Electr?nicoEn b?squeda de incentivar la apropiaci?n de los valores culturales prehisp?nicos de la regi?n tolimense y el pa?s se dise?? una Unidad did?ctica sobre la ense?anza de la cultura prehisp?nica dirigida a los estudiantes de cuarto y quinto de educaci?n b?sica primaria desarrollada desde el Laboratorio de Arqueolog?a del Museo Antropol?gico de la Universidad del Tolima. Es as? que esta unidad did?ctica se ofrece como herramienta pedag?gica en la ense?anza de las ciencias sociales, pretendiendo identificar el desarrollo cultural y tecnol?gico de los antiguos pobladores a partir de la explicaci?n del uso y la funci?n de cada una de las Colecciones Arqueol?gicas que reposan en el laboratorio. Contribuyendo de esta manera a desarrollar la capacidad reflexiva y el pensamiento cr?tico que generan significado para la sociedad y el contexto al cual pertenecemos. Esta propuesta est? sustentada en una investigaci?n cualitativa que busca conceptualizar sobre la realidad con base en el comportamiento, los conocimientos, las actitudes y los valores de las personas estudiadas. Dentro de las fases del proceso investigativo se encuentra la exploratoria con el objeto de estudio y la formulaci?n de problema y en la parte de teorizaci?n est?n los antecedentes, el rastro te?rico y la selecci?n, igualmente est?n las t?cnicas de informaci?n, variables, indicadores y categor?as. Finalmente se realiz? una prueba piloto aplicando la unidad did?ctica, que fue ejecutada con 30 estudiantes de los grados cuarto y quinto de b?sica primaria, pertenecientes a la Instituto T?cnico Ambiental Combeima sede Olaya Herrera. Dicha actividad est? acompa?ada de sus respectivas evidencias y el an?lisis correspondiente.ABSTRACT. In search to encourage the appropriation of pre-Hispanic and cultural values of the region and country Tolimense was designed a didactic unit about the teach of pre-Hispanic culture directed to the students fourth and fifth of basic primary education developed from the Laboratory of Archaeology, Anthropology Museum of the University of Tolima. Is well that this didactic unit is offered as an educational tool in the teaching of social sciences, pretending to identify the cultural and technological development of the old settlers starting from the explanation of the use and function of each of the Archaeological Collections which repose in the laboratory. Contributing in this manner to develop reflective capacity and critical think that generated meaning for the society and context to which we belong. This proposal is supported in a qualitative research that seeks to conceptualize about the reality based on behavior, knowledges, attitudes, and values of the people studied. Equally are the techniques of information, variables, indicators and categories. Finally, was realized a pilot test applying the didactic unit that was executed with 30 students of grades four and fifth of basic primary, belonging to the Instituto T?cnico Ambiental Combeima Olaya Herrera headquarters. This activity is accompanied by their respective evidence, and the corresponding analysis.INTRODUCCI?N 10 1. PLANTEAMIENTO DEL PROBLEMA 12 1.1 PREGUNTA PROBLEMA 14 2. JUSTIFICACI?N 15 3. OBJETIVOS 17 3.1 OBJETIVO GENERAL 17 3.2 OBJETIVOS ESPEC?FICOS 17 4. ANTECEDENTES 18 5. MARCO TE?RICO 23 5.1 LA EDUCACI?N EN EL CONTEXTO SOCIAL A TRAV?S DE LAS 23 UNIDADES DID?CTICAS COMO FACTOR DETERMINANTE EN EL PROCESO DE ENSE?ANZA 5.1.1 La Ense?anza de la Arqueolog?a y el Museo Antropol?gico de la 23 Universidad del Tolima: Los Programas de Extensi?n Encaminados a la Preservaci?n y Divulgaci?n del Patrimonio Cultural 5.1.2 Educaci?n y Pr?cticas Pedag?gicas 25 5.1.3 La Ense?anza por Medio de las Unidades Did?cticas 26 5.1.4 Unidad Did?ctica ?Culturas Prehisp?nicas? Articulada a los Est?ndares 28 B?sicos de Competencias en Ciencias Sociales 6. DESCRIPCI?N DE LA POBLACI?N BENEFICIADA 30 7. DISE?O DE UNIDAD DID?CTICA 33 7.1 DESCRIPCI?N DE LA UNIDAD DID?CTICA 33 7.2 OBJETIVOS DID?CTICOS 34 7.3 CONTENIDOS DE APRENDIZAJE 34 7.4 SECUENCIA DE ACTIVIDADES 35 7.5 RECURSOS MATERIALES 37 7.6 EVALUACI?N 38 8. AN?LISIS Y RESULTADOS 40 9. CONCLUSIONES 43 REFERENCIAS 46 ANEXO 4

Formando lideres ecol?gicos a partir del humedal la vaca como aula de aprendizaje con los estudiantes de ciclo III del colegio Ciudad Patio Bonito

91 p. Recurso Electr?nicoEl proyecto ? FORMANDO LIDERES ECOL?GICOS HUMEDAL DE LA VACA ? busca desarrollar una serie de estrategias pedag?gicas y did?cticas que les permita a los estudiantes del Colegio Ciudad Patio Bonito ser actores activos en el proceso de conservaci?n del humedal, ya que el problema detectado se constituye en el eje unificador del proyecto de manera que asuman y manejen estas situaciones problema de su realidad conduci?ndolos as? a conocimientos m?s amplios y profundos de su entorno , incluyendo la l?dica por medio de lo que aprende y experimenta permitiendo crear soluciones de manera que el conocimiento genere aporte significativos brindando un cambio de actitud rompiendo paradigmas frente a lo que ocurre a su alrededor. Esta metodolog?a se constituye en una productiva estrategia que cumple con el objetivo de crear contextos significativos trazados bajo el par?metro de la conservaci?n del humedal sin olvidar los planes ambientales encaminados para la misma misi?n. Palabras claves: Estrategia, metodolog?a, proceso, conservaci?n, entorno, conocimiento, contexto.The project ''FORMANDO LIDERES ECOLOGICOS EL HUMEDAL DE LA VACA to develop a series of educational and didactic strategies that allow to the students of the ciudad Patio Boito school be active performers in the process of wetland conservation, because the detected problem is the unifying axis of the project so that they assume and manage these situations problem of their reality, leading them to more deep knowledge of their environment, including the playful through of the learning and experience; allowing them to create solutions so that knowledge generates significant contribution, providing a change of attitude that breaking paradigms about that happens around them. This methodology is transforming in a better strategy that satisfy with the goal of establish meaningful contexts outlined under the parameter wetland conservation; without forgetting the environmental plans aimed for the same mission. Keywords: Strategy, methodology, conservation, environment, knowledge, context

Kerr-Schild type initial data for black holes with angular momenta

Generalizing previous work we propose how to superpose spinning black holes in a Kerr-Schild initial slice. This superposition satisfies several physically meaningful limits, including the close and the far ones. Further we consider the close limit of two black holes with opposite angular momenta and explicitly solve the constraint equations in this case. Evolving the resulting initial data with a linear code, we compute the radiated energy as a function of the masses and the angular momenta of the black holes.Comment: 13 pages, 3 figures. Revised version. To appear in Classical and Quantum Gravit

Estimation of aerosol optical depth and additional atmospheric parameters for the calculation of apparent reflectance from radiance measured by the Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer

The Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) measures spatial images of the total upwelling spectral radiance from 400 to 2500 nm through 10 nm spectral channels. Quantitative research and application objectives for surface investigations require inversion of the measured radiance of surface reflectance or surface leaving radiance. To calculate apparent surface reflectance, estimates of atmospheric water vapor abundance, cirrus cloud effects, surface pressure elevation, and aerosol optical depth are required. Algorithms for the estimation of these atmospheric parameters from the AVIRIS data themselves are described. From these atmospheric parameters we show an example of the calculation of apparent surface reflectance from the AVIRIS-measured radiance using a radiative transfer code

Measurement of atmospheric water vapor, leaf liquid water and reflectance with AVIRIS in the Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study: Initial results

The Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) acquired data as part of the Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study (BOREAS) in 1994. Flights occurred over the northern study area (NSA) in the region of 56 degrees north latitude and 98.5 degrees west longitude and over the southern study area (SSA) at 54 degrees north latitude and 105 degrees west longitude. These data will be used to directly derive spectral properties of the surface and atmosphere and to provide supporting data for other instruments, models, and experiments in support of the BOREAS objectives. We present a preliminary evaluation of the AVIRIS data collected in BOREAS in terms of the AVIRIS-derived parameters: water vapor, leaf water, and apparent spectral reflectance

Setting targets for HIV/AIDS-What lessons can be learned from other disease control programmes?

Our analysis of experience from programmes targeting malaria, leprosy and TB shows the importance of drawing broadly on research and implementation expertise, and civil society more broadly, when setting targets for HIV control. The engagement of stakeholders from the highest burden settings, including affected populations, is crucial, to ensure that disease control efforts uphold human rights and tackle HIV-related stigma and discrimination. An appropriate balance is needed between ambitious, galvanising global targets that drive funding and political/public engagement, and targets that reflect the complexities and local epidemiological variations in disease profile. Ethical issues and unintended consequences need to be considered when setting targets—particularly around local effects and opportunity costs of having foregone other areas of disease control and public health. Intermediate and adaptable targets are needed that allow for course corrections to programmes. Overly burdensome reporting requirements for individual local programmes and countries should be avoided, as well as potential for overlapping and sometimes conflicting targets both within and across vertical disease programmes. Process targets should be distinguished from outcome targets, which should be measurable and based on high-quality data. Retention of expert healthcare worker skills and specialist services is vital, while moving towards integrated health systems if effective disease control programmes are to be maintained. Target development should seek areas of programme delivery where an opportunity to codevelop targets and integrate services exists. Global efforts to move to universal health coverage (UHC), for example, could be factored in when developing targets. Sustaining investment and continuing political interest in the end phase of any elimination or eradication strategy, once incidence and prevalence are low, are critical to achieve success. Equity- and access-based service delivery targets become increasingly important as the elimination strategy nears its end and should be factored into planning. Achieving disease elimination and/or eradication is only possible with sufficient investment in research to develop new prevention tools such as vaccines, point-of-care diagnostics, and treatments to counteract the effects of increasing drug resistance and the challenging latency period of diseases; public health infrastructure upgrades that address wider determinants of health; and health and surveillance systems that allow for equitable delivery and access to services